| Attribute | Specification |
| Mineral Family | Quartz ($\text{SiO}_2$) |
| Color Cause | Iron ($\text{Fe}^{3+}$) impurities activated by natural irradiation |
| Mohs Hardness | 7.0 (Durable for all jewelry applications) |
| Refractive Index | 1.544 – 1.553 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Pleochroism | Moderate (Purple to reddish-violet / bluish-violet) |
Major Sourcing Locations
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Zambia: Known for producing rich, deep royal purple rough with strong reddish flashes (often in smaller sizes).
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Brazil & Uruguay: The world’s largest producers, famous for massive geodes, clean lapidary rough, and high-clarity material.
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Madagascar & Sri Lanka: Known for producing clean, facet-grade crystals with secondary blue undertones.
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